Cases that are not in Recode database

The following list of publications contains description of the recoding events whose existence was not confirmed.
Such cases are not results of scientific misconduct. Recoding events were mistakenly reported due to misinterpretations, honest errors, etc.

Publications in which a case was reported
Publications that discarded such a case
Wong SC, Abdelal AT. 1990. Unorthodox expression of an enzyme: evidence for an untranslated region within carA from Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Bacteriol 172:630-642. Abstract.
Kwon DH, Lu CD, Walthall DA, Brown TM, Houghton JE, Abdelal AT. 1994. Structure and regulation of the carAB operon in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Pseudomonas stutzeri: no untranslated region exists. J Bacteriol 176:2532-2542. Abstract.
Tuohy TM, Kidd T, Gesteland RF, Atkins JF. 1994. Uninterrupted translation through putative 12-nucleotide coding gap in sequence of carA: business as usual. J Bacteriol 176:265-267.Abstract.
Benhar I, Engelberg-Kulka H. 1993. Frameshifting in the expression of the E. coli trpR gene occurs by the bypassing of a segment of its coding sequence. Cell 72:121-130.
Abstract.
Wills NM, Ingram JA, Gesteland RF, Atkins JF. 1997. Reported translational bypass in a trpR'-lacZ' fusion is accounted for by unusual initiation and +1 frameshifting. J Mol Biol 271:491-498. Abstract.
Zheng J, McIntosh MA. 1995. Characterization of IS1221 from Mycoplasma hyorhinis: expression of its putative transposase in Escherichia coli incorporates a ribosomal frameshift mechanism. Mol Microbiol 16:669-685. Abstract.
Baranov PV, Gesteland RF, Atkins JF. 2002. Recoding: translational bifurcations in gene expression. Gene 286:187-201. Abstract.
Makarova KS, Aravind L, Wolf YI, Tatusov RL, Minton KW, Koonin EV, Daly MJ. 2001. Genome of the extremely radiation-resistant bacterium Deinococcus radiodurans viewed from the perspective of comparative genomics. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 65:44-79. Abstract.
Lipton MS, Pasa-Tolic L, Anderson GA, Anderson DJ, Auberry DL, Battista JR, Daly MJ, Fredrickson J, Hixson KK, Kostandarithes H, Masselon C, Markillie LM, Moore RJ, Romine MF, Shen Y, Stritmatter E, Tolic N, Udseth HR, Venkateswaran A, Wong KK, Zhao R, Smith RD. 2002. Global analysis of the Deinococcus radiodurans proteome by using accurate mass tags. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99:11049-11054. Abstract.
Eggington JM, Haruta N, Wood EA, Cox MM. 2004. The single-stranded DNA-binding protein of Deinococcus radiodurans. BMC Microbiol 4:2. Abstract.
Cobucci-Ponzano B, Trincone A, Giordano A, Rossi M, Moracci M. 2003. Identification of an archaeal alpha-L-fucosidase encoded by an interrupted gene. Production of a functional enzyme by mutations mimicking programmed -1 frameshifting. J Biol Chem 278:14622-14631. Abstract.
The case is not discarded. It is not present in the Recode because the original publication does not provide enough data to consider this case as a strong candidate for recoding.
Ruan X, Zhang C, Peters NK. 1993. Bradyrhizobium japonicum rhizobitoxine genes and putative enzyme functions: expression requires a translational frameshift. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 90:2641-2645. Abstract.
See erratum: 1993. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 90:12055.
Choi J, Xu Z, Ou JH. 2003. Triple decoding of hepatitis C virus RNA by programmed translational frameshifting. Mol Cell Biol 23:1489-1497. Abstract.
Vassilaki N, Mavromara P. 2003. Two alternative translation mechanisms are responsible for the expression of the HCV ARFP/F/core+1 coding open reading frame. J Biol Chem 278:40503-40513. Abstract.
Ratinier M, Boulant S, Combet C, Targett-Adams P, McLauchlan J, Lavergne JP. 2008. Transcriptional slippage prompts recoding in alternate reading frames in the hepatitis C virus (HCV) core sequence from strain HCV-1. J Gen Virol. 89:1569-78.Abstract.

In addition to the cases described in this table, there are other phenomena frequently considered which are not present in the current version of recoding, such as trans-translation, pyrrolysine incorporation, inter ribosomal cleavage of growing nascent peptide, etc.
Descriptions of genes utilizing these phenomena during their expression may appear in future updates of the database.
Phenomenon known as transcriptional slippage (aka transcriptional stattering or non-templated incorporation of nucleotides in RNA) is frequently utilized for gene expression purposes in the same way as ribosomal frameshifting. Therefore, it also may be included in future updates, although it does not occur at the level of translation.